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550bc: Aesop's
Fables, Aesop
500bc: Buddhist Doctrine
1175: Holy Grail From
The Book Of King Arthur
1200: Thousand and
One Nights
1298: Travels of Marco
Polo
1566: Autobiography
Of Benvenuto Cellini by Benvenuto Cellini
1580: Sir Francis
Drake's Famous Voyage Round The World
1583: Sir Humphrey
Gilbert's Voyage To Newfoundland
1591-1599: William
Shakespeare
1611: The Apocrypha
from Ecclesiasticus
1625: New Way To Pay
Old Debts by Philip Massinger
1731: Rollin's Ancient
History: History Of The Persians And Grecians
1747: Benjamin Franklin
Experiments With Electricity
1776: Wealth of Nations
by Adam Smith
1776: Political Works
Of Thomas Paine
1779: Narrative Of
The Voyages Round The World
1782: History Of The
Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire, by Edward Gibbon
1786: Poems And Songs
Of Robert Burns
1789-1989: The Senate
by Robert C. Byrd
1804: William Tell
by Johann Christoph Friedrich Von Schiller
1826: Promessi Sposi
Or The Betrothed by Manzoni, Alessandro
1859: Origin Of Species
by Charles Darwin
1871-1879: Mark Twain
1880: Study of Poetry
by Matthew Arnold
1886: Samuel Pepys
by Robert Louis Stevenson
1892: Discovery of
America - Pre-Columbian Voyages
1892: History Of The
Conquest Of Mexico
1897: Australia And The Islands Of
The Sea by Dunton Larkin
1903: Castilian Days
by John Hay
1905: Our Country
by Benson J. Lossing
1909: History Of Herodotus
1913: History of Religions
by George Foot Moore
1915: True Stories
of the Great War by Freeman R. Lewis
1972: Romania, A Country
Study
1981: Japan, A Country
Study
1984: At Home in the
Smokies
1984: The American
Home Front
1987: US Army in the
Korean War
1988: Patent and Trademark
Office by William C. Verity
1989: Presidential
Proclamations & Executive Orders
1990: Doing Business
with the New Romania
1992: World Civilizations:
The Postclassical Era by Peter N. Stearns
1992: Civilizations
Past And Present
The Swallow And The Other Birds
It happened that a Countryman was sowing some hemp seeds in a field where a Swallow and
some other birds were hopping about picking up their food. "Beware
of that man," quoth the Swallow. "Why, what is he doing?"
said the others. "That is hemp
seed he is sowing; be careful to pick up every one of the seeds,
or else you will repent it." The birds paid no heed to the
Swallow's words, and by and by the hemp
grew up and was made into cord, and of the cords nets were made,
and many a bird that had despised the Swallow's advice was caught
in nets made out of that very hemp.
"What did I tell you?" said the Swallow. "Destroy
The Seed Of Evil, Or It Will Grow Up To Your Ruin."
Title: Buddhist Doctrine
Author: Buddhist Sources
Date: c500bc
Translation: Warren, Henry Clarke
Good And Bad Karma
Translated from the Samyutta-Nikaya
On a certain occasion The Blessed One was dwelling at Savatthi
in Jitavana monastery in Anathapindika's Park. Then drew near
king Pasenadi the Kosalan, at an unusual time of day, to where
The Blessed One was; and having drawn near and greeted The Blessed
One, he sat down respectfully at one side. And king Pasenadi the
Kosalan being seated respectfully at one side, The Blessed One
spoke to him as follows:
"Pray, whence have you come, great king, at this unusual
time of day?"
"Reverend Sir, a householder who was treasurer in Savatthi
has just died leaving no son, and I have come from transferring
his property to my royal palace; and, Reverend Sir, he had ten
million pieces of gold, and silver beyond all reckoning. But this
householder, Reverend Sir, would eat sour gruel and kanajaka,
and the clothes he wore were made of hemp . . ., and the conveyance in which
he rode was a broken-down chariot with an umbrella of leaves."
Title: Holy Grail From The Book
Of King Arthur
Book: Seventeenth Book
Author: Traditional
Date: c1175
Translation: Malory, Thomas
Part I Chapter I
How Sir Galahad Fought At A Tournament, And How He Was Known Of
Sir Gawaine And Sir Ector De Maris
And when the ship was ready in the sea to sail, the lady let make
a great bed and marvellous rich, and set her upon the bed's head,
covered with silk, and laid the sword at the feet, and the girdles
were of hemp, and
therewith the king was angry. Sir, wit ye well, said she, that
I have none so high a thing which were worthy to sustain so high
a sword, and a maid shall bring other knights thereto, but I wot
not when it shall be, nor what time. And there she let make a
covering to the ship, of cloth of silk that should never rot for
no manner of weather.
Title: Thousand And One Nights
Book: Story Of The Young King Of The Black Islands
Author: Traditional
Date: c1200
Translation: Lane, Edward William
My father was king of the city which was here situate: his name
was Mahmud, and he was lord of the Black Islands, and of the four
mountains. After a reign of seventy years, he died, and I succeeded
to his throne; whereupon I took as my wife the daughter of my
uncle; and she loved me excessively, so that when I absented myself
from her, she would neither eat nor drink till she saw me again.
She remaine under my protection five years. After this, she went
one day to the bath; and I had commanded the cook to prepare the
supper, and entered this palace, and slept in my usual place.
I had ordered two maids to fan me; and one of them sat at my head,
and the other at my feet; but I was restless, because my wife
was not with me; and I could not sleep. My eyes were closed, but
my spirit was awake; and I heard the maid at my head say to her
at my feet, O Mes'udeh, verily our lord is unfortunate in his
youth, and what a pity is it that it should be passed with our
depraved, wicked mistress! - Perdition to unfaithful wives! replied
the other: but (added she) such a person as our lord, so endowed
by nature, is not suited to this profligate woman, who passes
every night absent from his bed. - Verily, rejoined she at my
head, our lord is careless in not making any inquiry respecting
her. - Woe to thee! said the other: hath our lord any knowledge
of her conduct, or doth she leave him to his choice? Nay, on the
contrary, she contriveth to defraud him by means of the cup of
wine which he drinketh every night before he sleepeth, putting
bhang (hemp) into
it; in consequence of which he sleepeth so soundly that he knoweth
not what happeneth, nor whither she goeth, nor what she doeth;
for, after she hath given him the wine to drink, she dresseth
herself, and goeth out from him, and is absent until daybreak,
when she returneth to him, and burneth a perfume under his nose,
upon which he awaketh from his sleep.
Title: Travels Of Marco Polo
Book: Book First: Here The Book Begins; And First It Speaks Of
The Lesser Armenia
Author: Polo, Marco
Part III
Chapter XXVI
Of A Province Called Khotan
Khotan is a province lying between northeast and east, and is
eight days' journey in length. The people are subject to the great
Khan, and are all worshippers of Mahommet. There are numerous
towns and villages in the country, but Khotan, the capital, is
the most noble of all, and gives its name to the kingdom. Everything
is to be had there in plenty, including abundance of cotton, with
flax, hemp, wheat,
wine, and the like. The people have vineyards and gardens and
estates. They live by commerce and manufactures, and are no soldiers.
Title: Travels Of Marco Polo
Book: Book First: Here The Book Begins; And First It Speaks Of
The Lesser Armenia
Author: Polo, Marco
Part V
Then there is another kind of devotees called Sensin, who are
men of extraordinary abstinence after their fashion, and lead
a life of such hardship as I will describe. All their life long
they eat nothing but bran, which they take mixed with hot water.
That is their food: bran, and nothing but bran; and water for
their drink. 'Tis a lifelong fast! so that I may well say their
life is one of extraordinary asceticism. They have great idols,
and plenty of them; but they sometimes also worship fire. The
other idolaters who are not of this sect call these people heretics
- Patarins as we should say - because they do not worship their
idols in their own fashion. Those of whom I am speaking would
not take a wife on any consideration. They wear dresses of hempen stuff, black and
blue, and sleep upon mats; in fact their asceticism is something
astonishing. Their idols are all female, that is to say, they
have women's names.
Title: Travels Of Marco Polo
Book: Book Second: Of Kublai Khan, Great Khan Now Reigning, His
Great Puissance
Author: Polo, Marco
Part IV
Chapter XXXII
Of The Charity Of The Emperor To The Poor
He also provides the poor with clothes. For he lays a tithe upon
all wool, silk, hemp,
and the like, from which clothing can be made; and he has these
woven and laid up in a building set apart for the purpose; and
as all artisans are bound to give a day's labor weekly, in this
way the Khan has these stuffs made into clothing for those poor
families, suitable for summer or winter, according to the time
of year. He also provides the clothing for his troops, and has
woolens woven for them in every city, the material for which is
furnished by the tithe aforesaid. You should know that the Tartars,
before they were converted to the religion of the idolaters, never
practiced almsgiving. Indeed, when any poor man begged of them
they would tell him, "Go with God's curse, for if He loved
you as He loves me, He would have provided for you." But
the sages of the idolaters, and especially the Bakshis mentioned
before, told the great Khan that it was a good work to provide
for the poor, and that his idols would be greatly pleased if he
did so. And since then he has taken to do for the poor so much
as you have heard.
Title: Travels Of Marco Polo
Book: Book Second: Of Kublai Khan, Great Khan Now Reigning, His
Great Puissance
Author: Polo, Marco
Part IX
Now we will quit this matter and I will tell you of another city
called Kwa-chau. But first I must mention a point I had forgotten.
You must know that the vessels on this river, in going up stream,
have to be tracked, for the current is so strong that they could
not make head in any other manner. Now the towline, which is some
three hundred paces in length, is made of nothing but cane. It
is in this way: they have those great canes of which I told you
before that they are some fifteen paces in length; these they
take and split from end to end into many slender strips, and then
they twist these strips together so as to make a rope of any length
they please. And the ropes so made are stronger than if they were
made of hemp.
. . . . ..
They burn the bodies of the dead. And when any one dies the friends
and relations make a great mourning for the deceased, and clothe
themselves in hempen
garments, and follow the corpse playing on a variety of instruments
and singing hymns to their idols. And when they come to the burning
place, they take representations of things cut out of parchment,
such as caparisoned horses, male and female slaves, camels, armor,
suits of cloth of gold, and money, in great quantities, and these
things they put on the fire along with the corpse, so that they
are all burnt with it. And they tell you that the dead man shall
have all these slaves and animals of which the effigies are burnt,
alive in flesh and blood, and the money in gold, at his disposal
in the next world; and that the instruments which they have caused
to be played at his funeral, and the idol hymns that have been
chanted, shall also be produced again to welcome him in the next
world; and that the idols themselves will come to do him honor.
Title: Travels Of Marco Polo
Book: Book Third: Japan, The Archipelago, Southern India, The
Coasts And Islands
Author: Polo, Marco
Part I
Chapter I
Of The Merchant Ships Of Manzi That Sail Upon The Indian Seas
The fastenings are all of good iron nails and the sides are double,
one plank laid over the other, and caulked outside and in. The
planks are not pitched, for those people do not have any pitch,
but they daub the sides with other matter, deemed by them far
better than pitch; it is this. You see they take some lime and
some chopped hemp,
and these they knead together with a certain wood oil; and when
the three are thoroughly amalgamated, they hold like any glue.
And with this mixture they paint their ships.
Title: Autobiography Of Benvenuto
Cellini
Book: Book First
Author: Cellini, Benvenuto
Date: 1566
Translation: Symonds, John Addington
Part XVII
So I was taken into a gloomy dungeon below the level of a garden,
which swam with water, and was full of big spiders and many venomous
worms. They flung me a wretched mattress of course hemp, gave me no supper, and locked four
doors upon me. In that condition I abode until the nineteenth
hour of the following day. Then I received food, and I requested
my jailers to give me some of my books to read. None of them spoke
a word, but they referred my prayer to the unfortunate castellan,
who had made inquiries concerning what I said. Next morning they
brought me an Italian Bible which belonged to me, and a copy of
the Chronicles of Giovanni Villani. When I asked for certain other
of my books, I was told that I could have no more, and that I
had got too many already.
[Footnote 1: This mention of an Italian Bible shows that we are
still in the days before the Council of Trent.]
Title: Sir Francis Drake's Famous
Voyage Round The World
Author: Francis Pretty, One of Drake's Gentlemen at arms.
Date: 1580
Sir Francis Drake's Famous Voyage Round The World, Part I.
The Famous Voyage of Sir Francis Drake into the South Sea, and
therehence about the whole Globe of the Earth, begun in the year
of our Lord 1577.
The fifth of June, being in 43 degrees towards the pole Arctic,
we found the air so cold, that our men being grievously pinched
with the same, complained of the extremity thereof; and the further
we went, the more the cold increased upon us. Whereupon we thought
it best for that time to seek the land, and did so; finding it
not mountainous, but low plain land, till we came within 38 degrees
towards the line. In which height it pleased God to send us into
a fair and good bay, with a good wind to enter the same. In this
bay we anchored; and the people of the country, having their houses
close by the water's side, shewed themselves unto us, and sent
a present to our General. When they came unto us, they greatly
wondered at the things that we brought. But our General, according
to his natural and accustomed humanity, courteously intreated
them, and liberally bestowed on them necessary things to cover
their nakedness; whereupon they supposed us to be gods, and would
not be persuaded to the contrary. The presents which they sent
to our General, were feathers, and cauls of network. Their houses
are digged round about with earth, and have from the uttermost
brims of the circle, clifts of wood set upon them, joining close
together at the top like a spire steeple, which by reason of that
closeness are very warm. Their bed is the ground with rushes strowed
on it; and lying about the house, [they] have the fire in the
midst. The men go naked; the women take bulrushes, and kemb them
after the manner of hemp,
and thereof make their loose garments, which being knit about
their middles, hang down about their hips, having also about their
shoulders a skin of deer, with the hair upon it. These women are
very obedient and serviceable to their husbands.
Title: Sir Humphrey Gilbert's Voyage
To Newfoundland
Author: Haies, Edward
Date: 1583
Part II.
Concerning the inland commodities, as well to be drawn from this
land, as from the exceeding large countries adjoining, there is
nothing which our east and northerly countries of Europe do yield,
but the like also may be made in them as plentifully, by time
and industry; namely, resin, pitch, tar, soap-ashes, deal-board,
masts for ships, hides, furs, flax, hemp,
corn, cables, cordage, linen cloth, metals, and many more. All
which the countries will afford, and the soil is apt to yield.
Title: King Henry the Sixth, Part
2
Book: Act IV.
Author: Shakespeare, William
Date: 1591
Scene VII. The Same. Smithfield.
Say. Those cheeks are pale for watching for your good.
Cade. Give him a box o' the ear, and that will make em red again.
Say. Long sitting, to determine poor men's causes,
Hath made me full of sickness and diseases.
Cade. Ye shall have a hempen
caudle then, and the help of hatchet.
Title: (A) Midsummer-Night's Dream
Book: Act III
Author: Shakespeare, William
Date: 1596
Scene I. The Wood. Titania lying asleep.
Enter Puck behind.
Puck. What hempen
home-spuns have we swaggering here,
So near the cradle of the fairy queen?
What! a play toward; I'll be an auditor;
An actor too perhaps, if I see cause.
Title: Life Of King Henry The Fifth, The
Book: Act III.
Author: Shakespeare, William
Date: 1599
Scene VI. The English Camp in Picardy.
Pist. Fortune is Bardolph's foe, and frowns on him;
For he hath stolen a pax, and hanged must a' be,
A damned death!
Let gallows gape for dog, let man go free
And let not hemp
his wind-pipe suffocate.
But Exeter hath given the doom of death
For pax of little price.
Therefore, go speak; the duke will hear thy voice;
And let not Bardolph's vital thread be cut
With edge of penny cord and vile reproach:
Speak, captain, for his life, and I will thee requite.
Title: Life Of King Henry The Fifth, The
Book: Act III.
Author: Shakespeare, William
Date: 1599
Chor. Thus with imagined wing our swift Scene flies
In motion of no less celerity
Than that of thought. Suppose that you have seen
The well-appointed king of Hampton pier
Embark his royalty; and his brave fleet
With silken streamers the young Phoebus fanning;
Play with your fancies, and in them behold
Upon the hempen
tackle ship-boys climbing;
Title: Burning Of Rome Under Nero
Book: By Henry Sienkiewicz
Author: Sienkiewicz, Henryk
By Henry Sienkiewicz
A.D. 64
Introduction
The destruction seemed as irresistible, perfect, and pitiless
as Predestination itself. Around Pompey's Amphitheatre stores
of hemp caught fire,
and ropes used in circuses, arenas, and every kind of machine
at the games, and with them the adjoining buildings containing
barrels of pitch with which ropes were smeared.
Title: Apocrypha, The
Book: Ecclesiasticus
Author: Various
Date: 1611
Chapter 40
Great travail is created for every man,
And a heavy yoke is upon the sons of Adam,
From the day of their coming forth from their mother's womb,
Until the day for their burial in the mother of all things.
The expectation of things to come, and the day of death,
^1 Trouble their thoughts, and cause fear of heart;
From him that sitteth on a throne of glory,
Even unto him that is humbled in earth and ashes;
From him that weareth purple and a crown,
Even unto him that is clothed with a hempen frock.
There is wrath, and jealousy, and trouble, and disquiet,
And fear of death, and anger, and strife;
And in the time of rest upon his bed
His night sleep doth change his knowledge.
A little or nothing is his resting,
And afterward in his sleep, as in a day of keeping watch,
He is troubled in the vision of his heart,
As one that hath escaped from the front of battle.
In the very time of his deliverance he awaketh,
And marvelleth that the fear is nought.
Title: New Way To Pay Old Debts
Book: Act V
Author: Massinger, Philip
Date: 1625
Scene I. [A room in Lady Allworth's house]
Over. I am o'erwhelm'd with wonder!
What prodigy is this? What subtle devil
Hath raz'd out the inscription, the wax
Turned into dust? The rest of my deeds whole
As when they were deliver'd, and this only
Made nothing! Do you deal with witches, rascal?
There is a statute^6 for you, which will bring
Your neck in an hempen
circle; yes, there is;
And now 'tis better thought for, cheater, know
This juggling shall not save you.
[Footnote 6: The law against witchcraft.]
Title: Rollin's Ancient History:
History Of The Persians And Grecians
Book: Chapter II.
Author: Rollin, Charles
Date: 1731
Sections II And III.
Xerxes commanded two other bridges to be built, one for the army
to pass over, and the other for the baggage and beasts of burden.
He appointed workmen more able and expert than the former, who
constructed it in the following manner: they placed three hundred
and sixty vessels across the strait, some of them having three
benches of oars, and others fifty oars a piece, with their sides
turned towards the Euxine sea; and on the side that faced the
Aegean sea they put three hundred and fourteen. They then cast
large anchors into the water on both sides, in order to fix and
secure all these vessels against the violence of the winds, and
against the current of the water. On the east side they left three
passages or vacant spaces between the vessels, that there might
be room for small boats to pass easily, as there was occasion,
to and from the Euxine sea. After this, upon the land on both
sides they drove large piles into the earth, with huge rings fastened
to them, to which were tied six vast cables, which went over each
of the two bridges; two of which cables were made of hemp, and four of a sort
of reeds, called, which were used in those times in the manufacture
of cordage. Those that were made of hemp
must have been of an extraordinary strength and thickness, since
every cubit of those cables weighed a talent. The cables, laid
over the whole extent of the vessels lengthwise, reached from
one side of the sea to the other. When this part of the work was
finished, quite over the vessels lengthwise, and over the cables
we have been speaking of, they laid the trunks of trees, cut purposely
for that use, and flat boats again over them, fastened and joined
together, to serve as a kind of floor or solid bottom; all which
they covered over with earth, and added rails or battlements on
each side, that the horses and cattle might not be frightened
with seeing the sea in their passage. Such was the construction
of those famous bridges built by Xerxes.
Title: Rollin's Ancient History: Egypt
Book: Chapter III.
Author: Rollin, Charles
Date: 1731
Sections IV - VII.
Section IV: Of The Egyptian Soldiers And War
"But let us imagine to ourselves a country where so great
a difference is not made between the several conditions; where
the life of a nobleman is not made to consist in idleness and
doing nothing, but in a careful preservation of his liberty, that
is, in a due subjection to the laws and the constitution; by a
man's subsisting upon his estate without dependence on any one,
and being contented to enjoy a little with liberty, rather than
a great deal at the price of mean and base compliances: a country,
where sloth, effeminacy, and the ignorance of things necessary
for life, are held in just contempt, and where pleasure is less
valued than health and bodily strength: in such a country, it
will be much more for a man's reputation to plough, and keep flocks,
than to waste all his hours in sauntering from place to place,
in gaming, and expensive diversions." But we need not have
recourse to Plato's commonwealth for instances of men who have
led these useful lives. It was thus that the greatest part of
mankind lived during near four thousand years; and that not only
the Israelites, but the Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Romans,
that is to say, nations the most civilized, and most renowned
for arms and wisdom. They all inculcate the regard which ought
to be paid to agriculture and the breeding of cattle; one of which
(without saying any thing of hemp
and flax, so necessary for our clothing,) supplies us, by corn,
fruits, and pulse, with not only a plentiful but a delicious nourishment;
and the other, besides its supply of exquisite meats to cover
our tables, almost alone gives life to manufactures and trade,
by the skins and stuffs it furnishes.
Title: Benjamin Franklin Experiments
With Electricity
Author: Bigelow, John; Franklin, Benjamin
Date: 1747
"It was not till the summer of 1752 that he was enabled to complete his grand and unparalleled discovery by experiment. The plan which he had originally proposed was to erect, on some high tower or other elevated place, a sentry-box, from which should rise a pointed iron rod, insulated by being fixed in a cake of resin. Electrified clouds passing over this would, he conceived, impart to it a portion of their electricity, which would be rendered evident to the senses by sparks being emitted when a key, the knuckle, or other conductor was presented to it. Philadelphia at this time afforded no opportunity of trying an experiment of this kind. While Franklin was waiting for the erection of a spire, it occurred to him that he might have more ready access to the region of clouds by means of a common kite. He prepared one by fastening two cross sticks to a silken handkerchief, which would not suffer so much from the rain as paper. To the upright stick was affixed an iron point. The string was, as usual, of hemp, except the lower end, which was silk. Where the hempen string terminated, a key was fastened. With this apparatus, on the appearance of a thunder-gust approaching he went out into the commons, accompanied by his son, to whom alone he communicated his intentions, well knowing the ridicule which, too generally for the interest of science, awaits unsuccessful experiments in philosophy. He placed himself under a shed, to avoid the rain; his kite was raised, a thunder-cloud passed over it, no sign of electricity appeared. He almost despaired of success, when suddenly he observed the loose fibres of his string to move toward an erect position. He now presented his knuckle to the key and received a strong spark. How exquisite must his sensations have been at this moment! On this experiment depended the fate of his theory. If he succeeded, his name would rank high among those who had improved science; if he failed, he must inevitably be subjected to the derision of mankind, or, what is worse, their pity, as a well-meaning man, but a weak, silly projector. The anxiety with which he looked for the result of his experiment may be easily conceived. Doubts and despair had begun to prevail, when the fact was ascertained, in so clear a manner that even the most incredulous could no longer withhold their assent. Repeated sparks were drawn from the key, a vial was charged, a shock given, and all the experiments made which are usually performed with electricity.
Title: Wealth Of Nations
Book: Book II
Author: Smith, Adam
Date: 1776
Chapter V.
Of the Different Employment of Capitals
It is of more consequence that the capital of the manufacturer
should reside within the country. It necessarily puts into motion
a greater quantity of productive labour, and adds a greater value
to the annual produce of the land and labour of the society. It
may, however, be very useful to the country, though it should
not reside within it. The capitals of the British manufacturers
who work up the flax and hemp
annually imported from the coasts of the Baltic, are surely very
useful to the countries which produce them. Those materials are
a part of the surplus produce of those countries which, unless
it was annually exchanged for something which is in demand there,
would be of no value, and would soon cease to be produced. The
merchants who export it, replace the capitals of the people who
produce it, and thereby encourage them to continue the production;
and the British manufacturers replace the capitals of those merchants.
. . . . . .
The foreign goods for home-consumption may sometimes be purchased,
not with the produce of domestick industry, but with some other
foreign goods. These last, however, must have been purchased either
immediately with the produce of domestick industry, or with something
else that had been purchased with it; for the case of war and
conquest excepted, foreign goods can never be acquired, but in
exchange for something that had been produced at home, either
immediately, or after two or more different exchanges. The effects,
therefore, of a capital employed in such a round-about foreign
trade of consumption, are, in every respect, the same as those
of one employed in the most direct trade of the same kind, except
that the final returns are likely to be still more distant, as
they must depend upon the returns of two or three distinct foreign
trades. If the flax and hemp
of Riga are purchased with the tobacco of Virginia, which had
been purchased with British manufactures, the merchant must wait
for the returns of two distinct foreign trades before he can employ
the same capital in re-purchasing a like quantity of British manufactures.
If the tobacco of Virginia had been purchased, not with British
manufactures, but with the sugar and rum of Jamaica which had
been purchased with those manufactures, he must wait for the returns
of three. If those two or three distinct foreign trades should
happen to be carried on by two or three distinct merchants, of
whom the second buys the goods imported by the first, and the
third buys those imported by the second, in order to export them
again, each merchant indeed will in this case receive the returns
of his own capital more quickly; but the final returns of the
whole capital employed in the trade will be just as slow as ever.
Whether the whole capital employment in such a round-about trade
belong to one merchant or to three, can make no difference with
regard to the country, though it may with regard to the particular
merchants. Three times a greater capital must in both cases be
employed, in order to exchange a certain value of British manufactures
for a certain quantity of flax and hemp,
than would have been necessary, had the manufactures and the flax
and hemp been directly
exchanged for one another. The whole capital employed, therefore,
in such a round-about foreign trade of consumption, will generally
give less encouragement and support to the productive labour of
the country, than an equal capital employed in a more direct trade
of the same kind.
Title: Wealth Of Nations
Book: Book IV
Author: Smith, Adam
Date: 1776
Chapter VIII, Section I.
Conclusion of the Mercantile System
The first bounties of this kind were those granted, about the
beginning of the present century, upon the importation of naval
stores from America. Under this denomination were comprehended
timber fit for masts, yards, and bowsprits; hemp; tar, pitch, and turpentine. The bounty,
however, of one pound the ton upon masting-timber, and that of
six pounds the ton upon hemp,
were extended to such as should be imported into England from
Scotland. Both these bounties continued without any variation,
at the same rate, till they were severally allowed to expire;
that upon hemp on
the 1st of January 1741, and that upon masting-timber at the end
of the session of parliament immediately following the 24th June
1781.
The third bounty of this kind was that granted (much about the
time that we were beginning sometimes to court and sometimes to
quarrel with our American colonies) by the 4 Geo. III. chap. 26.
upon the importation of hemp,
or undressed flax, from the British plantations. This bounty was
granted for twenty-one years, from the 24th June 1764, to the
24th June 1785. For the first seven years it was to be at the
rate of eight pounds the ton, for the second at six pounds, and
for the third at four pounds. It was not extended to Scotland,
of which the climate (although hemp
is sometimes raised there, in small quantities and of an inferior
quality) is not very fit for that produce. Such a bounty upon
the importation of Scotch flax into England would have been too
great a discouragement to the native produce of the southern part
of the united kingdom.
The seventh and last bounty of this kind, was that granted by
the 19 Geo. III. chap. 37. upon the importation of hemp from Ireland. It was granted in the
same manner as that for the importation of hemp and undressed flax from America, for
twenty-one years, from the 24th June 1779, to the 24th June 1800.
This term is divided, likewise, into three periods of seven years
each; and in each of those periods, the rate of the Irish bounty
is the same with that of the American. It does not, however, like
the American bounty, extend to the importation of undressed flax.
It would have been too great a discouragement to the cultivation
of that plant in Great Britain. When this last bounty was granted,
the British and Irish legislatures were not in much better humour
with one another, than the British and American had been before.
But this boon to Ireland, it is to be hoped, has been granted
under more fortunate auspices, than all those to America.
Title: Wealth Of Nations
Book: Book I
Author: Smith, Adam
Date: 1776
Chapter X, Section II.
In Scotland there is no general law which regulates universally
the duration of apprenticeships. The term is different in different
corporations. Where it is long, a part of it may generally be
redeemed by paying a small fine. In most towns, too, a very small
fine is sufficient to purchase the freedom of any corporation.
The weavers of linen and hempen
cloth, the principal manufactures of the country, as well as all
other artificers subservient to them, wheel-makers, reel-makers,
&c. may exercise their trades in any town corporate without
paying any fine. In all towns corporate all persons are free to
sell butcher's meat upon any lawful day of the week. Three years
is in Scotland a common term of apprenticeship, even in some very
nice trades; and in general I know of no country in Europe in
which corporation laws are so little oppressive.
Title: Political Works Of Thomas
Paine
Book: Common Sense
Author: Paine, Thomas
Part III
On The Present Ability Of America. With Some Miscellaneous Reflections.
In almost every article of defence we abound. hemp flourishes even to rankness, so that
we need not want cordage. Our iron is superior to that of other
countries. Our small arms are equal to any in the world. Cannon
we can cast at pleasure. Saltpetre and gunpowder we are every
day producing. Our knowledge is hourly improving. Resolution is
our inherent character, and courage hath never yet forsaken us.
Wherefore, what is it that we want? Why is it that we hesitate?
From Britain we can expect nothing but ruin. If she is once admitted
to the government of America again, this continent will not be
worth living in. Jealousies will be always arising, insurrections
will be constantly happening; and who will go forth to quell them?
Who will venture his life to reduce his own countrymen to a foreign
obedience? The difference between Pennsylvania and Connecticut,
respecting some unlocated lands, shows the insignificance of a
British government, and fully proves that nothing but continental
authority can regulate continental matters.
Title: Narrative Of The Voyages
Round The World
Book: Chapter II: Narrative Of Captain Cook's First Voyage Round
The World.
Author: Cook, Captain James
Date: 1779
Part V.
In Eaheinomauwe there are no quadrupeds but dogs and rats; at
least, no other were seen by our voyagers, and the rats are so
scarce, that they wholly escaped the notice of many on board.
Of birds the species are not numerous; and of these no one kind,
excepting perhaps the gannet, is exactly the same with those of
Europe. Insects are not in greater plenty than birds. The sea
makes abundant recompense for this scarcity of animals upon the
land. Every creek swarms with fish, which are not only wholesome,
but equally delicious with those in our part of the world. The
Endeavour seldom anchored in any station, or with a light gale
passed any place, that did not afford enough, with a hook and
line, to serve the whole ship's company. If the seine was made
use of, it seldom failed of producing a still more ample supply.
The highest luxury of this kind, with which the English were gratified,
was the lobster, or sea cray-fish. Among the vegetable productions
of the country, the trees claim a principal place; there being
forests of vast extent, full of the straightest, the cleanest,
and the largest timber Mr. Cook and his friends had ever seen.
Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander were gratified by the novelty, if not
by the variety of the plants. Out of about four hundred species,
there were not many which had hitherto been described by botanists.
There is one plant that serves the natives instead of hemp and flax, and which
excels all that are applied to the same purposes in other countries.
Title: History Of The Decline And
Fall Of The Roman Empire
Book: Chapter XLII: State Of The Barbaric World.
Author: Gibbon, Edward
Date: 1782 (Written), 1845 (Revised)
Part I.
To the east, the Turks invaded China, as often as the vigor of
the government was relaxed: and I am taught to read in the history
of the times, that they mowed down their patient enemies like
hemp or grass; and
that the mandarins applauded the wisdom of an emperor who repulsed
these Barbarians with golden lances. This extent of savage empire
compelled the Turkish monarch to establish three subordinate princes
of his own blood, who soon forgot their gratitude and allegiance.
The conquerors were enervated by luxury, which is always fatal
except to an industrious people; the policy of China solicited
the vanquished nations to resume their independence and the power
of the Turks was limited to a period of two hundred years. The
revival of their name and dominion in the southern countries of
Asia are the events of a later age; and the dynasties, which succeeded
to their native realms, may sleep in oblivion; since their history
bears no relation to the decline and fall of the Roman empire.
Title: Poems And Songs Of Robert
Burns
Book: Part III
Author: Burns, Robert
Date: 1786
Part III
Death And Dying Words Of Poor Mailie, The Author's Only Pet Yowe.,
The
An Unco Mournfu' Tale
"Tell him, if e'er again he keep
As muckle gear as buy a sheep-
O, bid him never tie them mair,
Wi' wicked strings o' hemp
or hair!
But ca' them out to park or hill,
An' let them wander at their will:
So may his flock increase, an' grow
To scores o' lambs, an' packs o' woo'!
Title: Poems And Songs Of Robert Burns
Book: Part X
Author: Burns, Robert
Date: 1786
Part X
Halloween^1
"Our stibble-rig was Rab M'Graen,
A clever, sturdy fallow;
His sin gat Eppie Sim wi' wean,
That lived in Achmacalla:
He gat hemp-seed,^11
I mind it weel,
An'he made unco light o't;
But mony a day was by himsel',
He was sae sairly frighted
That vera night."
[Footnote 11: Steal out, unperceived, and sow a handful of hemp-seed, harrowing it
with anything you can conveniently draw after you. Repeat now
and then: "hemp-seed,
I saw thee, hemp-seed,
I saw thee; and him (or her) that is to be my true love, come
after me and pou thee." Look over your left shoulder, and
you will see the appearance of the person invoked, in the attitude
of pulling hemp.
Some traditions say, "Come after me and shaw thee,"
that is, show thyself; in which case, it simply appears. Others
omit the harrowing, and say: "Come after me and harrow thee."-R.B.]
Then up gat fechtin Jamie Fleck,
An' he swoor by his conscience,
That he could saw hemp-seed
a peck;
For it was a' but nonsense:
The auld guidman raught down the pock,
An' out a handfu' gied him;
Syne bad him slip frae' mang the folk,
Sometime when nae ane see'd him,
An' try't that night.
He marches thro' amang the stacks,
Tho' he was something sturtin;
The graip he for a harrow taks,
An' haurls at his curpin:
And ev'ry now an' then, he says,
"hemp-seed
I saw thee,
An' her that is to be my lass
Come after me, an' draw thee
As fast this night."
Title: Poems And Songs Of Robert Burns
Book: Part XLV
Author: Burns, Robert
Date: 1786
Part XLV
The Epitaph
Epistle From Esopus To Maria
From those drear solitudes and frowsy cells,
Where Infamy with sad Repentance dwells;
Where turnkeys make the jealous portal fast,
And deal from iron hands the spare repast;
Where truant 'prentices, yet young in sin,
Blush at the curious stranger peeping in;
Where strumpets, relics of the drunken roar,
Resolve to drink, nay, half, to whore, no more;
Where tiny thieves not destin'd yet to swing,
Beat hemp for others,
riper for the string:
From these dire scenes my wretched lines I date,
To tell Maria her Esopus' fate.
Book: The Senate - 1789-1989
Author: Byrd, Robert C.
Affiliation: US Senate
Volume: Vol. 1
Date: 1989
Chapter 5 The Era of Good Feelings: 1817-1824
October 20, 1981.
. . . . Everywhere there were contradictions and incompatibilities.
And yet all were loosely bound together - the Creole aristocrat
of New Orleans, the liberal nationalist of South Carolina, the
parvenu cotton-planter of Georgia, the hemp grower of Kentucky, the tobacco magnate
of Virginia - all were bound together by the institution of slavery.
The Tallmadge Amendment, like a powerful spell, conjured this
loose bondage into a tightness and coherence it was never afterwards
to lose.
Title: Australia And The Islands Of The Sea
Author: Larkin, Dunton
Chapter XXIX. Sardinia, Corsica, And Elba.
Next to Sicily, Sardinia is the largest of the islands in the
Mediterranean Sea, having an area of nearly ninety-three hundred
square miles. It lies directly south of Corsica, from which it
is separated by the Strait of Bonifacio, a channel which in its
narrowest part is only seven miles wide. The country is mostly
mountainous, and some of the peaks of the central chain have an
elevation of over six thousand feet. Many of these peaks are extinct
volcanoes. The coasts are as a rule steep and rugged. There are
many streams of water on the island, but only one of them is even
partially navigable, and none of them has a long course.
The climate is mild, but in the low marshy lands, particularly
in the neighborhood of some of the lakes, a deadly malaria prevails,
especially in autumn. The inhabitants of these parts, who can
afford to do so, migrate annually during the unhealthy months.
Those who remain never leave their houses till an hour after sunrise,
and return before sunset, carefully closing all doors and windows
to prevent the entrance of the poisonous gas. Between the mountain
ranges are several wide valleys noted for their beauty and fertility.
The principal products are wheat, barley, maize, oranges and other
fruits, all of which are esteemed for their excellent quality.
Grapes are extensively raised; but from carelessness in the process
of making the wine, it is of an inferior quality. Olive trees
are numerous. Cotton, linseed, flax, and hemp are also produced. Among the trees
which grow on the mountain sides are cork, chestnut, oak, and
pine, which form a considerable item in the export trade. The
manufactories of gunpowder, salt, and tobacco are also of importance.
Sardinia is rich in minerals, but as yet its mines have been little
developed.
Book: The Senate - 1789-1989
Author: Byrd, Robert C.
Affiliation: US Senate
Volume: Vol. 1
Date: 1989
Chapter 6 The Era of Suspense: 1825-1829
Throughout the spring of 1828, debate on the tariff filled the
House and Senate. Much of it was uninspired. Representative John
Taylor complained that "day after day passes without any
sensible advance in the public business. One dull prosing speech
after another & arguments for the fiftieth time repeated are
hashed up & dished in new covers." And one can picture
the House as it looked to Taylor with, as historian Arthur Schlesinger,
Jr., described it, members "lolling back in armchairs, laughing,
coughing, spitting, rattling newspapers, while some poor speaker
tried to talk above the din."
Through the din, Jacksonians obediently set about antagonizing
the northern manufacturers with a variety of bedeviling amendments
increasing duties on pig iron, flax, hemp, and so forth. Everyone supposed that
the New England senators would join with the southern anti-protectionists
to kill the measure. Daniel Webster, who had moved from the House
to the Senate in the autumn elections, emerged, to the consternation
of many, as one of the leaders of the pro-tariff forces. On May
9, he offered an extraordinary spectacle. He stood in front of
his colleagues to explain why he was about to repudiate all the
free-trade arguments he had made in the House in 1824. He was
not eloquent, not the "great cannon loaded to the lips,"
but he was very honest. He offered no moral or intellectual justifications
for the switch.
Book: The Senate - 1789-1989
Author: Byrd, Robert C.
Affiliation: US Senate
Volume: Vol. 1
Date: 1989
Chapter 19 Currency, Foreign Affairs, Party Structure: 1893-1900
Even as the debate raged, disillusioned Filipinos rose in revolt
against the United States which, they believed, had promised them
independence. The ruthless suppression of natives by American
troops and the crushing of the independence movement intensified
congressional soul-searching over this latest stage of American
expansionism. The most eloquent defender of the president's policy
was Indiana's new Republican senator, thirty-seven-year-old Albert
Beveridge, who, with his maiden speech on the Philippine question,
leapt to national fame. "The Philippines are ours forever,"
began Beveridge:
And just beyond the Philippines are China's illimitable markets.
We will not retreat from either. We will not repudiate our duty
in the archipelago. We will not abandon our opportunity in the
Orient. We will not renounce our part in the mission of our race,
trustees under God, of the civilization of the world. God . .
. . has marked us as His chosen people, henceforth to lead in
the regeneration of the world . . . . He has made us the master
organizers of the world to establish system where chaos reigns.
He has made us adept in government that we may administer government
among savages and senile peoples.
Beveridge went on to enumerate with zest the riches of the islands:
rice, coffee, sugar, coconuts, hemp,
tobacco, "mountains of coal" - all awaiting development
by American capital. He lightly brushed aside the objections of
the natives. "It is barely possible that a thousand men in
the archipelago are capable of self-government in the Anglo-Saxon
sense."
[See A Narrow-Sighted Senator: Young Albert Beveridge of Indiana
was an eloquent, outspoken imperialist on the Philippine question.]
Title: William Tell
Book: Act II
Author: Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich Von
Date: 1804
Scene II.
Melch. The Rossberg I will undertake to scale.
I have a sweetheart in the garrison,
Whom with some tender words I could persuade
To lower me at night a hempen
ladder.
Once up, my friends will not be long behind.
Title: I Promessi Sposi Or The
Betrothed
Book: Chapter III
Author: Manzoni, Alessandro
Date: 1826
Chapter III
'Well,' continued Agnese, 'he is a man! I have seen more than
one person, bothered like a chicken in a bundle of hemp, and who did not know where to put
his head, and after being an hour nose to nose with the Dr Azzecca
- Garbugli, (take good care you don't call him so) - I have seen
him, I say, make a joke of it. Take these four capons, poor creatures!
whose necks I ought to have wrung for tonight's supper, and carry
them to him; because we must never go empty - handed to these
gentlemen. Relate to him all that has happened, and you'll see
he will tell you, in a twinkling, things which would not come
into our heads if we were to think about them for a year.'
Title: I Promessi Sposi Or The Betrothed
Book: Chapter XXIII
Author: Manzoni, Alessandro
Date: 1826
Lucia replied with a look which expressed assent as clearly
as words could have done, and with a sweetness which words could
not have conveyed.
'Noble girl!' rejoined the woman. 'And your Curate, too, being
at our village, (for there are numbers assembled from all the
country round to elect four public officers,) the Signor Cardinal
thought it better to send him with us; but he has been of little
use: I had before heard that he was a poor - spirited creature;
but, on this occasion, I couldn't help seeing that he was as frightened
as a chicken in a bundle of hemp.'
Title: Origin Of Species
Book: Chapter XII.
Author: Darwin, Charles
Date: 1859
Part II.
Single Centres Of Supposed Creation
Living birds can hardly fail to be highly effective agents in
the transportation of seeds. I could give many facts showing how
frequently birds of many kinds are blown by gales to vast distances
across the ocean. We may safely assume that under such circumstances
their rate of flight would often be thirty-five miles an hour;
and some authors have given a far higher estimate. I have never
seen an instance of nutritious seeds passing through the intestines
of a bird; but hard seeds of fruit pass uninjured through even
the digestive organs of a turkey. In the course of two months,
I picked up in my garden twelve kinds of seeds, out of the excrement
of small birds, and these seemed perfect, and some of them, which
were tried, germinated. But the following fact is more important:
the crops of birds do not secrete gastric juice, and do not, as
I know by trial, injure in the least the germination of seeds;
now, after a bird has found and devoured a large supply of food,
it is positively asserted that all the grains do not pass into
the gizzard for twelve or even eighteen hours. A bird in this
interval might easily be blown to the distance of five hundred
miles, and hawks are known to look out for tired birds, and the
contents of their torn crops might thus readily get scattered.
Some hawks and owls bolt their prey whole, and, after an interval
of from twelve to twenty hours, disgorge pellets, which, as I
know from experiments made in the Zoological Gardens, include
seeds capable of germination. Some seeds of the oat, wheat, millet,
canary, hemp, clover,
and beet germinated after having been from twelve to twenty-one
hours in the stomachs of different birds of prey; and two seeds
of beet grew after having been thus retained for two days and
fourteen hours. Fresh-water fish, I find, eat seeds of many land
and water plants; fish are frequently devoured by birds, and thus
the seeds might be transported from place to place. I forced many
kinds of seeds into the stomachs of dead fish, and then gave their
bodies to fishing-eagles, storks, and pelicans; these birds, after
an interval of many hours, either rejected the seeds in pellets
or passed them in their excrement; and several of these seeds
retained the power of germination. Certain seeds, however, were
always killed by this process.
Roughing It
Volume II
Chapter XXVII: The End Of Great Kamehameha
Twain, Mark, 1871
He was dressed entirely in black - dress-coat and silk hat - and looked rather democratic in the midst of the showy uniforms about him. On his breast he wore a large gold star, which was half hidden by the lapel of his coat. He remained at the door a half-hour, and occasionally gave an order to the men who were erecting the kahilis before the tomb. He had the good taste to make one of them substitute black crape for the ordinary hempen rope he was about to tie one of them to the framework with. Finally he entered his carriage and drove away, and the populace shortly began to drop into his wake. While he was in view there was but one man who attracted more attention than himself, and that was Harris (the Yankee Prime Minister). This feeble personage had crape enough around his hat to express the grief of an entire nation, and as usual he neglected no opportunity of making himself conspicuous and exciting the admiration of the simple Kanakas. Oh! noble ambition of this modern Richelieu!
The Gilded Age
Volume I
Chapter XVII: Stone's Landing Becomes City Of Napoleon - On Paper
Twain, Mark; Warner, Charles Dudley , 1873
About the chief cabin, which was the store and grocery of this
mart of trade, the mud was more liquid than elsewhere, and the
rude platform in front of it and the dry-goods boxes mounted thereon
were places of refuge for all the loafers of the place. Down by
the stream was a dilapidated building which served for a hemp warehouse, and a shaky
wharf extended out from it into the water. In fact, a flat-boat
was there moored by it, its setting poles lying across the gunwales.
Above the town the stream was crossed by a crazy wooden bridge,
the supports of which leaned all ways in the soggy soil; the absence
of a plank here and there in the flooring made the crossing of
the bridge faster than a walk an offense not necessary to be prohibited
by law.
"This, gentlemen," said Jeff, "is Columbus River,
alias Goose Run. If it was widened, and deepened, and straightened,
and made long enough, it would be one of the finest rivers in
the Western country."
When the conveyance at length drew up to Mr. Thompson's door,
the gentleman descended with great deliberation, straightened
himself up, rubbed his hands, and, beaming satisfaction from every
part of his radiant frame, advanced to the group that was gathered
to welcome him, and which had saluted him by name as soon as he
came within hearing.
"Welcome to Napoleon, gentlemen, welcome. I am proud to see
you here Mr. Thompson. You are looking well Mr. Sterling. This
is the country, sir. Right glad to see you Mr. Brierly. You got
that basket of champagne? No? Those blasted river thieves! I'll
never send anything more by 'em. The best brand, Roederer. The
last I had in my cellar, from a lot sent me by Sir George Gore
- took him out on a buffalo hunt, when he visited our country.
Is always sending me some trifle. You haven't looked about any
yet, gentlemen? It's in the rough yet, in the rough. Those buildings
will all have to come down. That's the place for the public square,
court- house, hotels, churches, jail - all that sort of thing.
About where we stand, the deepo. How does that strike your engineering
eye, Mr. Thompson? Down yonder the business streets, running to
the wharves. The University up there, on rising ground, sightly
place, see the river for miles. That's Columbus River, only forty-nine
miles to the Missouri. You see what it is, placid, steady, no
current to interfere with navigation, wants widening in places
and dredging, dredge out the harbor and raise a levee in front
of the town; made by nature on purpose for a mart. Look at all
this country, not another building within ten miles, no other
navigable stream, lay of the land points right here; hemp, tobacco, corn, must
come here. The railroad will do it, Napoleon won't know itself
in a year."
The Gilded Age
Volume I
Chapter XVI: Model Railroad Engineer. Survey To Stone's Landing
The Colonel hitched up his chair close to Harry, laid his hand
on his knee, and, first looking about him, said in a low voice,
"The Salt Lick Pacific Extension is going to run through
Stone's Landing! The Almighty never laid out a cleaner piece of
level prairie for a city; and it's the natural center of all that
region of hemp and
tobacco."
A Tramp Abroad
Volume I
Chapter XXII: The Black Forest
Author: Twain, Mark, 1879
We found the Black Forest farmhouses and villages all that the Black Forest stories have pictured them. The first genuine specimen which we came upon was the mansion of a rich farmer and member of the Common Council of the parish or district. He was an important personage in the land and so was his wife also, of course. His daughter was the "catch" of the region, and she may be already entering into immortality as the heroine of one of Auerbach's novels, for all I know. We shall see, for if he puts her in I shall recognize her by her Black Forest clothes, and her burned complexion, her plump figure, her fat hands, her dull expression, her gentle spirit, her generous feet, her bonnetless head, and the plaited tails of hemp-colored hair hanging down her back.
Title: Study Of Poetry
Author: Arnold, Matthew
Date: 1880
The Study Of Poetry, Part II.
'Thus amongst ourselves we regret the good time, poor silly old
things, low - seated on our heels, all in a heap like so many
balls; by a little fire of hemp
- stalks, soon lighted, soon spent. And once we were such darlings!
So fares it with many and many a one.']
Title: Samuel Pepys
Author: Stevenson, Robert Louis
Date: c1886
A Liberal Genius
The whole world, town or country, was to Pepys a garden of Armida.
Wherever he went, his steps were winged with the most eager expectation;
whatever he did, it was done with the most lively pleasure. An
insatiable curiosity in all the shows of the world and all the
secrets of knowledge, filled him brimful of the longing to travel,
and supported him in the toils of study. Rome was the dream of
his life; he was never happier than when he read or talked of
the Eternal City. When he was in Holland, he was "with child"
to see any strange thing. Meeting some friends and singing with
them in a palace near The Hague, his pen fails him to express
his passion of delight, "the more so because in a heaven
of pleasure and in a strange country." He must go to see
all famous executions. He must needs visit the body of a murdered
man, defaced "with a broad wound," he says, "that
makes my hand now shake to write of it." He learned to dance,
and was "like to make a dancer." (He learned to sing,
and walked about Gray's Inn Fields "humming to myself (which
is now my constant practice) the trillo." He learned to play
the lute, the flute, the flageolet, and the theorbo, and it was
not the fault of his intention if he did not learn the harpsichord
or the spinet. He learned to compose songs, and burned to give
forth" a scheme and theory of music not yet ever made in
the world." When he heard "a fellow whistle like a bird
exceeding all," he promised to return another day and give
an angel for a lesson in the art. Once, he writes, "I took
the Bezan back with me, and with a brave gale and tide reached
up that night to the Hope, taking great pleasure in learning the
seamen's manner of singing when they sound the depths." If
he found himself rusty in his Latin grammar, he must fall to it
like a schoolboy. He was a member of Harrington's Club till its
dissolution, and of the Royal Society before it had received the
name. Boyle's Hydrostatics was "of infinite delight"
to him, walking in Barnes Elms. We find him comparing Bible concordances,
a captious judge of sermons, deep in Descartes and Aristotle.
We find him, in a single year, studying timber and the measurement
of timber; tar and oil, hemp,
and the process of preparing cordage; mathematics and accounting;
the hull and the rigging of ships from a model; and "looking
and improving himself of the (naval) stores with" - hark
to the fellow! - "great delight." His familiar spirit
of delight was not the same with Shelley's; but how true it was
to him through life! He is only copying something, and behold,
he "takes great pleasure to rule the lines, and have the
capital words wrote with red ink"; he has only had his coal
- cellar emptied and cleaned, and behold, "it do please him
exceedingly." A hog's harslett is "a piece of meat he
loves." He cannot ride home in my Lord Sandwich's coach,
but he must exclaim, with breathless gusto, "his noble, rich
coach." When he is bound for a supper party, he anticipates
a "glut of pleasure." When he has a new watch, "to
see my childishness," says he, "I could not forbear
carrying it in my hand and seeing what o'clock it was an hundred
times." To go to Vauxhall, he says, and "to hear the
nightingales and other birds, hear fiddles, and there a harp and
here a Jew's trump, and here laughing, and there fine people walking,
is mighty divertising." And the nightingales, I take it,
were particularly dear to him; and it was again "with great
pleasure" that he paused to hear them as he walked to Woolwich,
while the fog was rising and the April sun broke through.
Title: Discovery Of America
Book: Chapter II: Pre-Columbian Voyages
Author: Fiske, John
Date: 1892
Part II
The ship preserved at Christiania is described as having had but
a single mast, set into a block of wood so large that it is said
no such block could now be cut in Norway. Probably the sail was
much like those still carried by large open boats in that country,
- a single square on a mast forty feet long. ^1 These masts have
no standing rigging, and are taken down when not in use; and this
was probably the practice of the Vikings."
[Footnote 1: Perhaps it may have been a square-headed lug, like
those of the Deal galley-punts; see Leslie's Old Sea Wings, Ways,
and Words, in the Days of Oak and hemp,
London, 1890, p. 21.]
Title: Discovery Of America
Book: Chapter VII: Mundus Novus
Author: Fiske, John
Date: 1892
Part VII
This adventure of Cabral's had interesting consequences. It set
in motion the train of events which ended after some years in
placing the name "America" upon the map. On May 14,
1501, Vespucius, who was evidently principal pilot and guiding
spirit in this voyage under unknown skies, set sail from Lisbon
with three caravels. It is not quite clear who was chief captain,
but M. Varnhagen has found reasons for believing that it was a
certain Don Nuno Manuel. ^1 The first halt was made on the African
coast at Cape Verde, the first week in June; and there the explorers
met Cabral on his way back from Hindustan. According to the letter
attributed to Vespucius and published in 1827 by Baldelli, ^2
the wealth stowed away in Cabral's ships was quite startling.
"He says there was an immense quantity of cinnamon, green
and dry ginger, pepper, cloves, nutmegs, mace, musk, civet, storax,
benzoin, porcelain, cassia, mastic, incense, myrrh, red and white
sandalwood, aloes, camphor, amber," Indian hemp and cypress, as well as opium and other
drugs too numerous to mention. "Of jewels he saw many diamonds,
rubies, and pearls, and one ruby of a most beautiful colour weighed
seven carats and a half, but he did not see all." ^3 Verily,
he says, God has prospered King Emanuel.
Title: History Of The Conquest
Of Mexico
Book: Book VII. (Conclusion.) Subsequent Career Of Cortes.
Author: Prescott, William H., 1892
Chapter V. Cortes Revisits Mexico, Part I.
It was the place won by his own sword from the Aztecs previous
to the siege of Mexico. It stood on the southern slope of the
Cordilleras, and overlooked a wide expanse of country, the fairest
and most flourishing portion of his own domain. He had erected
a stately palace on the spot, and henceforth made this city his
favorite residence. It was well situated for superintending his
vast estates, and he now devoted himself to bringing them into
proper cultivation. He introduced the sugar-cane from Cuba, and
it grew luxuriantly in the rich soil of the neighboring lowlands.
He imported large numbers of merino sheep and other cattle, which
found abundant pastures in the country around Tehuantepec. His
lands were thickly sprinkled with groves of mulberry-trees, which
furnished nourishment for the silk-worm. He encouraged the cultivation
of hemp and flax,
and, by his judicious and enterprising husbandry, showed the capacity
of the soil for the culture of valuable products before unknown
in the land; and he turned these products to the best account,
by the erection or sugar-mills, and other works for the manufacture
of the raw material. He thus laid the foundation of an opulence
for his family, as substantial, if not as speedy, as that derived
from the mines. Yet this latter source of wealth was not neglected
by him, and he drew gold from the region of Tehuantepec, and silver
from that of Zacatecas. The amount derived from these mines was
not so abundant as at a later day. But the expense of working
them, on the other hand, was much less in the earlier stages of
the operation, when the metal lay so much nearer the surface.
Title: Australia And The Islands
Of The Sea
Author: Larkin, Dunton, 1897
Chapter XXVIII. The Balearic Isles.
Majorca is nearly square in form, the greatest distance from east
to west being sixty miles and from north to south fifty. Its area
is thirteen hundred square miles. The highest mountains of the
group are those of Majorca, the loftiest peak attaining a height
of forty-eight hundred feet. The climate is mild and agreeable,
and the extremes of heat and cold are seldom of long duration.
Fires are rarely required, except in the coldest weather.
The soil of these islands on the average is exceedingly fertile,
and produces good crops of wheat, barley, olives, almonds, grapes,
figs, oranges, beans, and hemp.
Besides these, a great variety of other fruits and vegetables
are grown for local consumption.
. . . . . . . . . .
Minorca is situated about twenty-seven miles northeast of Majorca
and has an area of about two hundred and ninety square miles.
The coast is much indented with bays on all sides except the south,
and the shore in most places is bold and steep. It has several
excellent harbors, the best one of which is Port Mahon, the capital
of the island. The climate of Minorca is mild, but not so equable
as that of Majorca. The soil in general is not very fertile, that
on the plains being scanty and chalky. The chief products are
wheat, barley, wine, oil, potatoes, hemp,
and flax. Fruits of all kinds abound, including melons, pomegranates,
figs, and almonds. Cattle, sheep, and goats are raised. Stone
is plentiful, and a soft kind is much used in building. The population
numbers about thirty-nine thousand.
Title: Australia And The Islands Of The Sea
Author: Larkin, Dunton
Chapter XXXIX. The Philippine Islands.
The Philippine Islands form an important group in the northern
part of the Malay Archipelago. They belong to Spain, and, next
to Cuba, form its most important colonial possession. There are
over four hundred islands in the group, the two largest being
Luzon and Mindanao.
. . .. .
Among plants cultivated for use are the palms, hemp, coffee tree, indigo, tobacco, cloves,
nutmeg, and red and black pepper vines. Rice, maize, wheat, yams,
sweet potatoes, and many kinds of fruits are also raised.
Title: Castilian Days
Book: A Miracle Play
Author: Hay, John
Date: 1903
The sinister procession moves on. The audience, which had been somewhat cheered by the prompt and picturesque punishment inflicted upon the inhospitable Samuel, was still further exhilarated by the spectacle of the impenitent traitor Gestas, staggering under an enormous cross, his eyes and teeth glaring with abject fear, with an athletic Roman haling him up to Calvary with a new hempen halter.
Book: Our Country: Volume 1
Author: Lossing, Benson J., LL.D.
Volume: Vol. 1
Date: 1905
Chapter III
(speaking of Native Americans)
In the colder weather of the winter, the common men wore a mantle
made of a sort of cloth manufactured of the soft inner bark of
trees interwoven with hemp
or a species of flax. This was thrown gracefully over the shoulder,
leaving the right arm exposed.
. . . ..
Hunting, fishing and the cultivation of the rich land were the
chief employments of these people. The cotton plant was unknown
to them, but hemp
and flax were quite abundant. The women assisted the men in the
fields, in the cultivation of corn, beans, peas, squashes, and
pumpkins, which yielded enormous returns for the little labor
bestowed.
Book: Our Country: Volume 1
Author: Lossing, Benson J., LL.D.
Volume: Vol. 1
Date: 1905
Chapter IX
Verazzani then went further up the coast, probably as far as the
vicinity of Albemarle Sound, where he landed, with twenty men.
A short distance from the sea, the land was covered with large
trees, among which were noble cypresses. From these forest trees
trailed luxuriant vines which were clustered with delicious grapes,
the natives said, in early autumn. The people fled in fear to
the woods. They were fairer than those further south, and were
covered with a light drapery made of "certain plants which
hung down from the branches" - Spanish moss - tied by threads
of wild hemp. Their
heads were uncovered. They lived in huts made of saplings and
shrubbery, and navigated canoes dug out of a single log without
any iron instrument whatever.
Book: Our Country: Volume 1
Author: Lossing, Benson J., LL.D.
Volume: Vol. 1
Date: 1905
Chapter XIII
Northward from his anchorage after his vessel had entered New
York Bay, Hudson saw a broad stream rising and falling with the
tide, which the Indians told him came from beyond the pale blue
mountain ranges in the distance. He believed it was a strait through
which he might pass into the Indian Ocean so he sailed up the
stream a few miles, and anchored. Natives came to him in canoes
from the shores with fruits and vegetables, and friendly gestures.
The men were athletic the women were graceful and the young ones
often beautiful. All were half-clad in mantles made of skins or
feathers depending from one shoulder and the waist, or in colored
hempen tunics; and
some of the women who came in the canoes, whose hair, long and
black, hung loosely over their shoulders and bosoms, wore fillets
ornamented with shells and the quills of the porcupine. They seemed
anxious for friendly intercourse, but Hudson repelled and offended
them.
Book: Our Country: Volume 2
Author: Lossing, Benson J., LL.D.
Volume: Vol. 2
Date: 1905
Chapter XXXIX
In 1719, the House of Commons declared that erecting any manufactories
in the colonies tended to lessen their dependence on Great Britain,
and they were discouraged. A little earlier a British author had
written "There be fine iron works which cast no guns no house
in New England has above twenty rooms; not twenty in Boston have
ten rooms each; a dancing-school was set up here but put down;
a fencing-school is allowed. There be no musicians by trade. All
cordage, sail-cloth and mats, come from England; no cloth made
there worth four shillings per yard; no alum, no salt made by
their sun.
Later, woolen-goods, paper and hemp
were manufactured in New England, and almost every family made
coarse cloth for domestic use.
Book: Our Country: Volume 6
Author: Lossing, Benson J., LL.D.
Volume: Vol. 6
Date: 1905
Chapter CXXXVIII
In 1776, almost the whole agricultural products of our country,
including live-stock, were used for the support of the million
and a half inhabitants; 1876 42,000,000 were fed and largely clothed
from the products of our soil, while a vast surplus of our cereal
and fibrous productions were sent to other countries. In 1870,
there were 189,000,000 acres of improved farm land in our country,
which produced in cereals (in round numbers) wheat, 288,000,000
bushels rye, 17,000,000 Indian corn, 761,000,000; oats, 282,000,000;
barley, 30,000,000; buckwheat, 10,000,000 bushels; and rice, 74,000,000
pounds. Of the common potato, there were raised 143,000,000 bushels,
and of the sweet potato, 22,000,000 bushels. The hay crop amounted
to 28,000,000 tons, and the tobacco crop to 363,000,000 pounds.
Of the principal fibrous products there were raised that year
over 1,200,000,000 pounds of cotton. The average annual product,
as we have observed, is now greater. The amount of flax raised
was 27,000,000 pounds; wool, 100,000,000 pounds; silk cocoons
about 4,000 pounds, and 13,000 tons of hemp.
Book: Our Country: Volume 7
Author: Lossing, Benson J., LL.D.
Volume: Vol. 7
Date: 1905
Chapter CL
The Philippines have a fine, though tropical, climate, while the
soil is very fertile, but lacks labor for its proper cultivation.
The chief article of commerce is hemp,
of which $21,800,000 worth was exported in 1904; the other principal
exports are sugar, tobacco, oil-nuts, and copra.
. . . .
Gratifying as are these statistics representing the trade expansion
of the Philippine Islands within the brief period of American
possession of them, there are indications that the economic situation
will be vastly improved in the next few years.
The justification for this surmise arises from the known wealth
of the Islands, not only in valuable forest timber, gum, and dye
woods, but in lignite coal of the best grade, iron ore, and other
minerals, which, like agriculture, are hardly as yet developed.
It is also justified by what is reported of the efforts being
made by the local bureaus, agricultural and forestry, in establishing
experimental farms and distributing for general cultivation improved
quantities of plants, seeds, roots, etc.; while giving instruction
in combating destructive insects, in raising the grade of live
stock, and in suggesting more scientific methods of curing tobacco
and producing a better quality of hemp.
Title: History Of Herodotus, The
Book: Fourth Book, Entitled Melpomene
Author: Herodotus
Date: 1909
Part III
73. Such, then, is the mode in which the kings are buried:
as for the people, when any one dies, his nearest of kin lay him
upon a wagon and take him round to all his friends in succession:
each receives them in turn and entertains them with a banquet,
whereat the dead man is served with a portion of all that is set
before the others; this is done for forty days, at the end of
which time the burial takes place. After the burial, those engaged
in it have to purify themselves, which they do in the following
way. First they well soap and wash their heads; then, in order
to cleanse their bodies, they act as follows: they make a booth
by fixing in the ground three sticks inclined towards one another,
^1 and stretching around them woolen felts, which they arrange
so as to fit as close as possible: inside the booth a dish is
placed upon the ground, into which they put a number of red-hot
stones, and then add some hemp-seed.
74. hemp grows in
Scythia: it is very like flax; only that it is a much coarser
and taller plant: some grows wild about the country, some is produced
by cultivation: ^2 the Thracians make garments of it which closely
resemble linen; so much so, indeed, that if a person has never
seen hemp he is
sure to think they are linen, and if he has, unless he is very
experienced in such matters, he will not know of which material
they are.
1.The Scythians, as I said, take some of this hemp-seed, and, creeping under the felt
coverings, throw it upon the red-hot stones; immediately it smokes,
and gives out such a vapour as no Grecian vapour- bath can exceed;
the Scyths, delighted, shout for joy, and this vapour serves them
instead of a water-bath; for they never by any chance wash their
bodies with water. Their women make a mixture of cypress, cedar,
and frankincense wood, which they pound into a paste upon a rough
piece of stone, adding a little water to it. With this substance,
which is of a thick consistency, they plaster their faces all
over, and indeed their whole bodies. A sweet odour is thereby
imparted to them, and when they take off the plaster on the day
following, their skin is clean and glossy.
Title: History Of Religions
Book: Religions Of China
Author: Foot Moore, George
Date: 1913
Chapter II
Moral And Political Philosophy
Wang Ch'ung, who wrote toward the end of the first century of
our era, occupies in some respects a place apart in the history
of Chinese thought. He may be described as a materialistic monist,
and his physical philosophy somewhat resembles that of Epicurus
and Lucretius. At the beginning there was a homogeneous vaporous
or nebulous chaos. Out of this the lighter and the heavier elements
"spontaneously" - that is, without intelligence or design
- separated; the warm and light (elemental fire) above, the cold
and dark, represented by water, below. So he adapts the old doctrines
of Yang and Yin, fortifying himself by quotations from the Yih-king
and the Li-ki. The Taoist Lieh-tsze developed a similar theory;
but Wang Ch'ung, as pure materialist, has no use for the mystical
Tao nor for the primal intelligence of Chu Hi and the Sung Confucianists.
From the combination and spontaneous interaction of these principles
all things arise. Man's body is of coarse matter, Yin; his vital
spirit and intelligence are of the fiery nature of the Yang. Heaven
- that is, the sky - is material just as truly as the earth, only
of a different composition, and its operations are equally without
design. It does not take note of men's doings to punish the bad
and reward the good. Heaven does not speak, nor does it hear what
men say; divination is absurd - how can the shell of a dead tortoise
or the stalks of a withered weed elicit a response from Heaven!
"Some people think that Heaven produces grain for the purpose
of feeding mankind, and silk and hemp
to clothe them. That would make Heaven man's farmer or mulberry-girl!"
The philosopher is fond of pricking man's self-importance. To
this vast frame of nature we are no more than insects crawling
on a human body. The struggle for existence is proof that there
is no wise and good purpose in creation. "If Heaven had produced
its creatures on purpose, it ought to have taught them to love
one another, and not to prey upon and destroy one another"
- precisely the argument of Epicurus.
Title: History Of Religions
Book: Religions Of Japan
Author: Foot Moore, George
Date: 1913
Chapter I: Part II
To ward off ills caused by demons, especially the demons of disease,
the ancient Japanese sought the protection of a particular group
of gods, the Sahe no Kami, or "preventive deities",
who are invoked in an old liturgical text to defend the worshippers
against the "hostile and savage beings of the root country,"
such as the "hags of Hades" who pursued Izanagi. These
deities were represented by phalli, often of gigantic size, which
were set up along highways and especially at cross-roads to bar
the passage against malignant beings who sought to pass. In the
liturgy referred to, one of these gods is called "No Thoroughfare"
(Kunado, or Funado), the name of the staff which Izanagi threw
down to prevent his pursuing spouse from breaking out from Hades
into the world above; two others are the prince and princess of
the eight cross-roads. They had no temples, and were worshipped
at the end of the sixth and twelfth months - the time of the semiannual
lustration - and on occasion at other times, for example, on the
outbreak of a pestilence. The phallic form of the end post of
a balustrade or a bridge has a similar meaning; it keeps evil
influence from passing. The apotropaic virtue of this symbol -
a virtue which it has in many other countries, notably among the
ancient Greeks - is due to the association of virility with manly
strength, power to overcome invisible foes as well as visible,
and to protect those in need of help. Standing as they did on
the roadside and at cross-roads, these gods became the protectors
of the wayfarers; travellers prayed to them before setting out
on a journey and made a little offering of hemp leaves and rice to each one they passed.
These gods had nothing to do, so far as the evidence shows, with
fertility or the reproductive functions; no peculiar rites were
observed in their worship, and however objectionable to the taste
of a more refined age, the cult was in no sense immoral or conducive
to immorality. In modern times, out of regard to the prejudices
of Europeans who connected obscene notions with them, they have
been generally removed from the roads, remaining only in out-of-the-way
corners of the empire.
Title: History Of Religions
Book: Religions Of Japan
Author: Foot Moore, George
Date: 1913
Chapter II: Part II
From the 13th to the 15th of July an All-Souls feast is kept,
at which time it is believed that the souls are permitted to return
to their kindred and be entertained by them. A staging of bamboo
canes is erected in one of the rooms of the house, on which food
and lanterns are placed for the spirits, and a Buddhist priest
reads a mass before them. On the first evening fires of hemp leaves are lighted
before the entrance of the house, and incense strewed on the coals,
as an invitation to the spirits. At the end of the three days
the food that has been set out for the spirits is wrapped up in
mats and thrown into a river. Dances of a peculiar kind are a
conspicuous feature of the celebration, which is evidently an
old Japanese custom; the Buddhist elements are adscititious. At
this season the graves are decorated, and frequent visits are
paid by the kinsfolk. For those who have no relatives living a
mass is said in all the temples for "the hungry devils."
Title: True Stories Of The Great
War
Book: The Tale Of The "Tara" Off The African Coast
Author: Freeman R. Lewis
Date: 1915
Translation: Bevir, Grace E.
The Tale Of The "Tara" Off The African Coast
I - Story Of The British Packet
And so they ran on. Fenton confessed to having had to "clout"
one of the quartermasters, because the latter had been so "swanky"
as to maintain that the torpedo that sank the Tara was scarlet
"when the bally thing was only red"; and Birkby admitted
to having closed his argument for the negative on one of Lieutenant
Tanner's Sunday texts with, "And if you still think that
'Love is the greatest thing in the world' - take that!" And
as we slid up the Liffey in the drizzle of the Irish dawn, Barton
just finished telling me how someone accused the first man to
sight the rescuing motors with eating the "Arabs' hemp and 'seeing' things,'"
adding that the two were circling each other on tottering legs,
looking for an opening, when the bout was interrupted by the arrival
of the Red Cross ambulances. "Half a minute later,"
he concluded, "the two of 'em was both guzzlin' over the
same jam-tin."
Title: Romania
Book: Romania, A Country Study
Author: Eugene K. Keefe
Affiliation: HQ, Department of the Army
Date: 1972
Chapter 6A. Artistic and Intellectual Expression
Particularly well known outside the country are the woven rugs,
tablecloths, and tapestries that decorate all rural homes and
many urban ones. Designs are mostly geometric, and particular
designs and color combinations are associated with particular
regions. Well known for their unusual design and warm colors are
Oltenian textiles in which a central animal, human, or floral
design is surrounded by several frames of different colors. Muntenian
textiles, on the other hand, have small geometric designs spread
over the whole surface. Moldavian and Transylvanian textiles vary
a great deal from one location to another and include both geometric
and figurative designs. At one time, wool was used exclusively
for weaving rugs and tapestries, but since the mid-nineteenth
century cotton or hemp
warp has been used in combination with wool. All-cotton and all-hemp rugs and wall hangings
are also produced.
Title: Japan
Book: Japan, A Country Study
Author: Jane T. Griffin
Affiliation: HQ, Department of the Army
Date: 1981
Chapter 3D. Visual Arts
The many and varied traditional handicrafts of Japan enjoyed official
recognition and protection and, owing to the folk art movement,
were much in demand. Each craft carried a group of specialized
skills with it. Textiles, for example, included weaving silk,
hemp, or cotton
following the spinning and dyeing process in a range from timeless
folk designs to complex court patterns. Village crafts evolving
from ancient folk traditions also survived in weaving and indigo
dyeing by remote farming families in northern Japan and in Hokkaido
by the Ainu peoples, whose distinctive designs had prehistoric
prototypes. Silk weaving families can be traced to the fifteenth
century in the famous Nishijin weaving center of Kyoto where they
produced the elegant fabrics worn by the emperor and the aristocracy.
Book: At Home in the Smokies
Author: US Department of the Interior
Affiliation: National Park Service
Volume: Handbook 125
Date: 1984
Chapter 2 Highland Homeland
Homecoming
The tepee of Indian lore did not exist here. The Cherokee house
was a rough log structure with one door and no windows. A small
hole in the bark roof allowed smoke from a central fire to escape.
Furniture and decorations included cane seats and painted hemp rugs. A good-sized
village might number 40 or 50 houses.
Book: The American Home Front
Author: Abrahamson, James L.
Affiliation: National Defense Univ.
Date: 1984
The Revolutionary War Economy
Because 90 percent of all Americans engaged in farming, the war's
impact on agriculture produced the most widespread results. Nowhere
was that more dramatically true than in the Southern colonies.
The prewar boycotts and the outbreak of hostilities caused a precipitous
drop in Southern exports to England and Scotland by 1778. As military
operations shifted to the Southern States after 1778, agriculture
there suffered further from capital destruction and the loss of
slaves. The profitability of indigo production collapsed with
the termination of the British bounty, and rice growers, who had
much of their capital sunk in paddy systems, found it difficult
to convert to raising sheep, hemp,
or flax - for which there was a great wartime demand. In the upper
South, however, the war stimulated the prewar trend toward converting
from tobacco to grain and livestock (for which the war increased
the domestic demand), and the remaining tobacco crop soon found
ways around the British blockade to profitable overseas markets.
While the lower South therefore suffered modestly, the Chesapeake
area adjusted to new wartime demands and reestablished good overseas
markets.
Book: United States Army in the
Korean War - The Medics' War
Author: Cowdrey, Albert E.
Affiliation: US Army
Date: 1987
Chapter 10 Victims of War
Under these stresses American soldiers often did not show up well
by comparison with marines, or with men from the professional
military units sent to Korea by other U.N. nations. Many soldiers
had become POWs shortly after their arrival. Almost none had strong
feelings of belonging to any unit. The enemy's practice of shuffling
men back and forth from camp to camp and his deliberate policy
of breaking down structures of loyalty and command among the prisoners
increased each man's isolation. Escape from intolerable conditions
through fantasy was common, aided by the widespread smoking of
hemp (Cannabis).
So was apathy. Cases were seen of men who apparently willed themselves
to die. "The people who died," recalled a doctor, "would
first become despondent, then would lie down or cover their heads
with their blankets, then wanted ice water to drink with their
food, eventually no food only water and eventually - death."
Book: Patent and Trademark Office
Author: Verity, C. William
Affiliation: US Department Commerce
Date: 1988
The Story of the Patent and Trademark Office - Before 1900
Although he never took out a patent, Thomas Jefferson made a number
of inventions, one of which - an improvement in the mold board
of the plough - had a significant effect on the agricultural development
of this country and earned him a decoration from the French Institute.
He also invented a revolving chair which his enemies accused him
of designing "so as to look all ways at once," a folding
chair or stool which could be used as a walking stick, a machine
for treating hemp,
and a pedometer.
Book: Presidential Proclamations
& Executive Orders
Author: National Archives and Records Administration
Affiliation: National Archives
Date: 1989
Chapter 15A Commerce and Foreign Trade
(b). For the purposes of this order, the term "agricultural
commodities" means all commodities and products, simple,
mixed, or compound, or complements to such commodities or products
that are or may be eaten or drunk by human beings or animals,
irrespective of other uses to which such commodities or products
may be put, and at all stages of processing from the raw commodity,
to the product thereof in a vendible form for immediate human
or animal consumption, but exclusive of such commodities and products
as the Secretary of Agriculture shall determine. For the purposes
of this order, the term "agricultural commodities" shall
also include all starches, sugars, fats and oils of animal, vegetable,
or marine origin (including oil seeds and other oil bearing materials,
fatty acids, soap and soap powder), cotton, tobacco, wool, hemp, flax fiber, and alcohol,
and also such other commodities and products as the President
may designate.
Title: Romania
Book: Doing Business with the New Romania
Author: Donald E. deKieffer
Affiliation: Embassy of Romania, Washington DC
Date: 1990
Chapter 2A. Economic Scene
ECONOMY
Vegetables
Vegetables are grown in a relatively small area (some 632,000
acres). Peas are the predominant crop; capable of an early harvest,
they allow a second crop, usually of fodder plants, to be grown
on the same ground. Vegetable cultivation is particularly marked
around Bucharest; there is specialization in the production of
early potatoes, tomatoes, onions, cabbages and green peppers.
Similar peripheral areas are found around Timisoara, Arad, Craiova,
Galati, Braila and other cities. The most important potato-growing
area in the country is found in the Brasov, Sibiu, Harghita and
Mures districts. Other related crops include sugar beets (475,000
acres) and sunflowers (10,300,000 acres), mostly on the Danube,
Tisa and Jijia plains. hemp,
flax, rapeseed, soybeans and tobacco are also grown.
Title: World Civilizations: The
Postclassical Era
Book: Chapter 19: Spread Of Chinese Civilization - Korea, Japan,
And Vietnam
Author: Stearns, Peter N.;Adas, Michael;Schwartz, Stuart B.
Date: 1992
The Era Of Warrior Dominance
Despite the chaos and suffering of the warlord period, there was
much economic and cultural growth. Most of the daimyos clearly
recognized the necessity of building up their petty states if
they were to be strong enough to survive in the long run. Within
the domains of the more able daimyos, attempts were made to stabilize
village life by introducing regular tax collection, supporting
the construction of irrigation systems and other public works,
and building strong rural communities. Incentives were offered
to encourage the settlement of unoccupied areas, and new tools,
the greater use of draft animals, and new crops - especially soybeans
- contributed to the well-being of the peasantry in the better-run
domains. Peasants were also encouraged to produce items such as
silk, hemp, paper,
dyes, and vegetable oils, which were highly marketable and thus
potential sources of household income. Daimyos vied with each
other to attract merchants to their growing castle towns, and
a new and quite wealthy commercial class emerged as the purveyors
of goods for the military elite and the intermediaries in trade
between Japan and overseas areas, especially China. As in medieval
Europe, guild organizations for both craftsmen (carpenters, thatchers,
smiths, potters, etc.) and merchants were strong in this era.
They helped provide social solidarity and group protection in
a time of political breakdown and insecurity.
Title: World Civilizations: Industrialization And Western Global
Hegemony
Book: Chapter 30: Industrialization And Imperialism
Author: Stearns, Peter N.; Adas, Michael;Schwartz, Stuart B.
Date: 1992
Introduction
The Making Of The European Global Order
In the industrial era, from roughly 1800 onward, the things that
Europeans sought in the outside world as well as the source of
the insecurities that drove them there changed dramatically. Raw
materials - metals, vegetable oils, dyes, cotton, and hemp - needed to feed the
machines of Europe, not spices or manufactured goods, were the
main products the Europeans sought overseas. Industrialization
made Europe for the first time the manufacturing center of the
world, and overseas markets for machine-made European products
became a key concern of those who pushed for colonial expansion.
Christian missionaries, by then as likely to be Protestant as
Roman Catholic, still sought to win converts overseas. But unlike
the rulers of Portugal and Spain in the early centuries of expansion,
European leaders in the industrial age rarely took initiatives
overseas to promote Christian proselytization. In part this reflected
the fact that western Europe itself was no longer seriously threatened
by the Muslims or any other non-European people. The fears that
fueled European imperialist expansion in the industrial age arose
from internal rivalries between the European powers. Overseaspeoples
might resist the European advance, but the Europeans feared each
other far more than even the largest non- European empires.
Title: World Civilizations: Industrialization And Western Global
Hegemony
Book: Chapter 30: Industrialization And Imperialism
Author: Stearns, Peter N.; Adas, Michael;Schwartz, Stuart B.
Date: 1992
Patterns Of Dominance: Continuity And Change
As increasing numbers of the colonized peoples were drawn into
the production of crops or minerals intended for export to Europe,
colonized areas in Africa, India, and Southeast Asia were reduced
to dependence on the industrializing European economies. Roads
and railways were built primarily to facilitate the movement of
farm produce and raw materials from the interior of colonized
areas to port areas where they could be shipped to Europe. Benefiting
from Europe's technological advances, mining sectors grew dramatically
in most of the colonies. Vast areas that were previously uncultivated
or (more commonly) had been planted in food crops were converted
to the production of commodities - such as cocoa, palm oil, rubber,
and hemp - in great
demand in the markets of Europe and, increasingly, the United
States.
Title: World Civilizations: Industrialization And Western Global
Hegemony
Book: Chapter 32: Ottoman Empire, Islamic Heartlands, And Qing
China
Author: Stearns, Peter N.; Adas, Michael;Schwartz, Stuart B.
Date: 1992
Western Intrusions And The Crisis In The Arab Islamic Heartlands
Though Muhammad Ali's efforts to introduce reforms patterned after
Western precedents were not confined to the military, they fell
far short of a fundamental transformation of Egyptian society.
To shore up his economic base, he ordered the Egyptian peasantry
to expand their production of cotton, hemp, indigo, and other crops that were
in growing demand in industrial Europe. Efforts to improve Egyptian
harbors and extend irrigation works met with some success and
led to modest increases in the revenues that could be devoted
to the continuing modernization of the military. Attempts to reform
education were ambitious but limited in what was actually achieved.
Many of the most significant innovations in schooling were linked
to Muhammad Ali's military projects. His frequent schemes to build
up an Egyptian industrial sector were eventually frustrated by
the opposition of the European powers and by the intense competition
from imported, Western-manufactured goods.
Title: Civilizations Past And Present
Book: Chapter 33: Asia And Africa In The Interwar World
Author: Wallbank;Taylor;Bailkey;Jewsbury;Lewis;Hackett
Date: 1992
Nationalism In Southeast Asia
Economic developments, however, constricted Philippine independence
at the same time that the islands were being prepared for self-rule.
Before the outbreak of World War II, four-fifths of Philippine
exports went to the United States and three-fifths of its imports
came from America. Like most underdeveloped economies, the export
trade was dominated by a very few products: hemp, sugar, coconuts, and tobacco. Independence,
with its accompanying imposition of tariffs would have been economically
difficult. The United States had prevented the development of
a colonial-type plantation economy by forbidding non-Filipinos
to own plantation lands, but native landlordism was rampant, and
the oppressed peasants launched a brief uprising in the mid-1930s.